Thanks Gane!
I had to do more digging on how Bridge handles files, but I figured it out back then. I'll post it here for anyone who may read this in the future.
Turns out Bridge, when you don't use sidecar xmp files, stores any changes you make in a different, centralized folder. That's why nothing was syncing... the edit information was in a separate, unsynced folder! I just bit the bullet and decided to go back to using XMP files. Bummer, since I didn't want to resort to that, but it seems it was the only solution if I wanted to keep using both bridge and sync.
If you're curious, any edits you have made without an xmp file can be easily exported by opening your file(s) in Camera Raw, clicking the options button (under the tabs, on the far right) and select "Export Settings to XMP". Obsiously, if you've opened multiple files, they all have to be selected for this to be applied to all of them.
Once the XMP files were created, all edits instantly showed up on the other pc, as always
- Gonz